PMDI Base Module
PMDI Information Advancement Tool
PMDI Seismic Inversion Tool
PMDI Section Classification Tool
PMDI Quantitative Prognosis Tool

PMDI Base Module

This module provides various processing manipulations over seismic and non-seismic profile data, combined with log data, if available. It enables numerous kinds of data visualization, including making hard copies, export and import, including exchange with Areal Data Integrator modules, horizon correlation, fault tracing, geological interpretation, profile data cross-correlation, time and spectral analysis and a number of auxiliary operations. Base module also works as a server for other modules.

Visualization

PMDI Base Module provides color and black-and-white profile seismic and non- seismic data visualization combined with log data, picked events, faults, and geological objects or features. There are special options for tuning color palette to data values, visual tracing and editing of events and faults, visual correlation of seismic traces and log data. Options for combined visualization of different data are available as well. Various log data are presented both in depth and time scales, with reflectivity or contrast coefficient calculated and visualized for each type of log data. These data can be visually edited and re-scaled to match seismic data.

PMDI Base Module enables making a hard copy of a data picture for various kinds of plotters and printers. It supports HP/GL, HP-GL/2, PCL 5, HP RTL, PostScript, Windows bitmap (DIB), CGM, XWD, ESC/P-2 graphical languages and formats. The module also provides combination of different pictures, making standard stamps and color editing.

Data Export and Import

PMDI Base Module provides import of seismic data in SEGY format and log data in LAS format. Data obtained can also be exported in SEGY format. Data exchange with Areal Data Integrator modules is supported along with data exchange with GIS systems. Non-seismic (not SEGY) data can also be imported in the data base through special converters registered by the user.

Horizon Correlation and Fault Tracing

PMDI Вase Module supports a wide range of possibilities to pick up and correlate horizons and events both by seismic data and as a result of the integrated interpretations. Events can be picked manually, semi-automatically with phase correction, and automatically. Six kinds of correction for different phases are available. Three kinds of automatic event correlation are available, with one of them applied for correlation based on the integrated interpretation results. Picked events can be edited locally or globally and can be used for cross-correlation and isochrones and depth maps making. Faults can be traced on seismic data and on the integrated interpreted results, with the last method being more powerful. Faults can also be edited with new result emerging.

Geological Interpretation

Geological bodies or features can be constructed base on picked events and traced faults. These bodies can be visualized together with all types of data, with the bodies being dynamically reconstructed while editing events and faults. A tool for paleo-reconstruction of previously picked events is available. All the objects concerned, such as profile data, log data, events, faults, geological bodies and features, etc. are reconstructed simultaneously.

Profile Data Cross-Correlation

Events and faults made on different profiles can be cross-correlated with a special tool. Correlation can be made manually by moving data at the cross-points or automatically by interpolating the data, involving well data as well. Applying these tools can be made isochrones and depth maps along with maps of seismic and non-seismic attributes at the event sites or in layers. These maps can be used in the Areal Data Integrator modules.

Time and Spectral Analysis

PMDI Base Module possesses a wide range of tools to analyze seismic trace spectra. Different kinds of spectra both for trace and section can be calculated and visualized. Also module supports original technology for seismic sequence stratigraphy and cycles revealing through visual analysis of time and spectral columns.

Auxiliary Programs

Auxiliary programs of PMDI Base Module provides data partitioning and combining of different types of data and also interpolation of data for a more precise griding. Also the programs enable to calculate a number of math operations with profile data.

PMDI Information Advancement Tool

This tool allows calculating a variety of profile data transformations over seismic and non-seismic data to improve their quality or to extract new attributes from these data. Also this tool provides a conversion of gravity and magnetic profile curves into seismic profile sections for further integrated and combined analysis.

Seismic Data Improvement

This program set comprises widespread seismic post-stack processing programs. A number of filtering programs are among them:

Special program allows computing instant amplitudes, phases, and frequencies of the seismic data by Hilbert transform.

Another program can calculate a variety of seismic integral dynamic parameters for previously correlated events and layers. These are 32 parameters and are divided into 3 groups: amplitude parameters, frequency parameters and attenuation parameters. Maps of these parameters can be effectively used in Areal Data Integrator modules.

These programs convert surface gravity and magnetic profile curves into profile sections of the fields using the method of harmonic continuation. Not only fields themselves but their integrals and derivatives up to 3rd order can be calculated with respect to arbitrary directions.

Tool possesses a service program to re-scale profile data to fit different events on different data or to reconstruct the data considering some events to be paleo-surfaces. This program is useful for fitting seismic and non-seismic data and for paleo-reconstructions.

Another auxiliary service program can convert data from time to depth scale or vice versa, using velocity data or certain correlated events  both from time and depth sections.

Some extra math operations are also realized in a special program.

PMDI Seismic Inversion Tool

This tool realizes a variety of seismic inversion algorithms, with inversion being possible not only for conventional reflectivity calculated on impedance but for contrast coefficients calculated on all the types of log data. Tool comprises simple seismic inversion algorithms, so called pseudo-acoustic analysis, subtle algorithms using stratigraphic deconvolution and post-processing correction programs.

Pseudo-Acoustic Analysis

Functions and programs of pseudo-acoustic analysis materialize simple, crude and robust method of seismic inversion, when wavelets are considered to be one of fixed set of shapes, namely, harmonic pulse, Rikker pulse and Puzyrev pulse. Wavelet amplitude and frequency parameters are estimated based on seismic trace spectrum. The correlation coefficients between synthetic and observed seismic traces are calculated and visualized to tie seismic and log data.
Sections of log parameters based on these results for one or more wells can be evaluated in a cross-well space. Various kinds of correction and tuning are available, so that pseudo-log parameters sections can be evaluated even in the case, when only minimum, maximum and mean values of parameters in the wells are known.

Stratigraphic Deconvolution

Stratigraphic deconvolution functions and programs represent a subtle method of seismic inversion, when both wavelet shape and amplitude are evaluated comparing log reflectivity (or contrast) trace with the observed seismic trace. The correlation coefficients between synthetic and observed seismic traces are also visualized along with the wavelet obtained and the results of inverse transform both for reflectivity and log parameter. One can tie log data and seismic with the aid of these results.

Wavelet calculated can be stored in a database, edited, and used for other programs. Based on one or several wavelets stored in the database, can be made stratigraphic deconvolution of the seismic section combined with a estimated section of log data in the cross-well space.
Another more robust program offers an algorithm to create a layer model of the well log data based on the wavelets stored, events correlated after deconvolution and a priori information of the reflectivity.

Post-Processing Correction Programs

Since seismic section includes only middle-frequency constituents the results of seismic inversion usually have no low and high frequencies. Low frequency part of the spectrum can be recovered after making inversion through special programs:

One of the programs makes low frequency recovery automatically based on the results of  Hilbert transform;

Another program, used in a more complex case, performs a recovery after a proper events correlation.

PMDI Section Classification Tool

Section Classification Tool allows using a variety of seismic and non-seismic profile data to discriminate different geological objects or features, select prospective zones and determine the importance of different data, from the geological and geophysical point of view. User can split the section into uniform strata, improve the contrast of seismic horizons and detect lateral heterogeneity when log data are absent or poor. User can determine the sequential data significance for the prognosis and obtain informative combinations of the data eliminating non- informative data and data, which contains almost the same information. Seismic Classification tool includes main component and factor analysis, taxonomy, classification and clustering programs.

Taxonomy

These are programs for section classification without reference point, e.g., wells. Taxonomy programs makes a whole section classification in a multidimensional indicator space, based on a strictly non-linear classification algorithm, which seeks for continuous domains in the indicator space or continuous relations between indicators, corresponding to uniform objects  from geological or geophysical point of view. Fractal geometry analysis lies behind the algorithms. Program can evaluate the discrimination degree for subsections which are taxons, and the sequential significance of the data from the viewpoint of made classification. This algorithm is robust to residual data and very powerful for delineating seismic section features.

Layer Taxonomy is a program, which applies the same algorithm as the previous one, but very good for analyzing the shape of seismic or other data, along some events in specified windows. This program also provides discrimination degree and data significance. It is powerful for correlating horizons broken by faults or small and periodically repeated objects, such as clinoforms.

Classification

Faster variant of a classification without references, based on the classic algorithm of cluster analysis in a multidimensional indicator space. Clusters characterized by centers and radius of a sphere. All points in this sphere belong to some cluster. The positions of centers change until they are stabilized.

Clustering

These programs perform the classification with reference points. The points can be specified by well log data or by seismic features, etc. Clustering program discovers zones resembling the references specified, based on the principles of fuzzy set theory. For each class of references, that is a cluster, a probable section is evaluated to belong to this cluster. These sections enable to test the quality of clustering. This algorithm is a powerful tool for delineating seismic section features, as well as geological objects.

Topology

Another program which solves similar problem is based upon applying self-coordinated rule for relationships between indicators at references and at the points to classify. This rule resulting from entropy theory of topological chains of Markov , possesses strong robustness. Program produces not only a clustering section in a whole with probability sections but also estimates the weights of the information for each one of the indicators.

PMDI Quantitative Prognosis Tool

PMDI Quantitative Prognosis Tool enables to discover relationships between well log data and a variety of data sets and their attributes. Once the relationship being established is applied to the whole section and to well log data section,  a prediction is produced. Also the tool allows  choosing the combination of data sets, which possess the most quantity of  information, to discover and delineate prospective objectives and to evaluate reservoir parameters. The program represents an extremely powerful and necessary tool to perform a final prognosis. Informative combination of data can be stored and used for further parameter monitoring.

All computed results are accompanied by statistical estimates of possible predictive errors and uncertainties. The following items are calculated: test of the applied model consistency, multiple correlations of the profile data sets used and log data, variation of the observed log data from their locally averaged values, confidence interval of the prediction, optimistic and pessimistic predictions. These results allow considering the quality of obtained prognosis.

Usually seismic (and other profile data) and log data have different sampling rates. For log data it is much less than for profile data. There are special modes to predict averaged log data parameters, this procedure improves the quality of the prediction, making the same scale for profile and log data. Averaging can be made automatically or in specially delineated layers.